Steve Olson  

1.8 million 4 species. 20
Change of mammals. Not gradual. Unchanged a long time and then small group with distinct characteristics break up often from middle.  Center had most resources. Dense population, much diversity. 22

How ISO in middle?  Diff mating rituals. Diff migration. Density gorilla. Can be molecular. 23

Mitochondria 24-25. When some left Africa 100000 took some of the mito, not all. 38Y chrom. 27

75000 generation. 29Ego stasis. Lighter. Some visual diff.  But same body for 100000. We all same distance. 29

Panmixia. From whole pop. Blend features  no subgroup. 33
Random variation41

Circles of ancestors. Same name on family tree listed twice. Cousins marry only 6 grandparents. 2nd 3rd cousin marriage are freq. 45

First second same generation. Removed means diff generation45

40 gen, 800 years each had millions of ancestors. 80% of folks alive in 1200 responsible for everyone alive in that area today.  Other 20% extinct lineage. Say one French guy went to China and fathered children in 1204. If his lineage alive, every Chinese person alive to today is a direct descendant. 45

Go back 1600, a famous person had kids who had kids, we are almost certainly ancestors 47

85% of genetic variation occurs within groups. Only 15% between. Low for mammals. Need min 25 to even begin taking speciation. 63

Humans Neanderthal. Extinct 84Same tools 85Neanderthal tended fire, hunted big game. Stored food for winter. 86 

New culture 100-65,000. From Africa. Smaller better tools. Jewelry. Covered dead with red ochre. Created art. 86
Maybe we developed mod language then 87
Anatomy for language 100,000 but only proto lang. Fine motor, further develop. Jump. 88

Agriculture. Expand pop warfare. States big religion. Social structure, ethnic groups. 92

Hunter gather bands. 1 to severl families. 10 – 50 folks. Egalitarian. 93
Most practice endogamy. Breed in tribe 95

Early town description. 96 10-9,000 years ago built a wall. 10wide 13 tall. 2100 circumference. Tower with stone steps. Moat 30 wide 10 deep. Protect against armies or flood! No other town w walls   97

Collective action for city present 98
Colder than now. Most of human existence much colder. Only 2 warm period. When human first appeared and now. 99

16000 climate whiplash. Warmer but cold striding back. Wet dry hot cold. Food supply unreliable. Force people find new food. 

Wild grasses, Middle East blessed. 32 of the 56 100
Birth rate one every four years.  Kids must walk before another Pop increase due to agric. 101

3500 be Uruk and writing 3400.  Abstract writing 2000. 102 
Ethnicity vs state 105
Aaron Y chromosome 109
Intermarriage Jews and Samaritans. Most inbred population. 2000 years of 80% first or second cousin marriage. Very few problems. Balanced by early marriage and more kids. 114-116
First crossing Dead Sea and all way to Australia 65000 128
M type and n type mitochondria. M South Asia, Australia not middle ear argue for Horn of Africa exodus 129
China 40,000 bejing 26,000. 130
10,000 males test y chrom for homo erectus. None found. 131
Agriculire yellow and tanzee 6-7000 132
Jomonese. Early Japan settlers more Aussie than sino. Invented pottery. 133
Language development 145 – 154
Human Neanderthal. 159 
European no genetic diff. But varied landscape and 20-16,000 ice age pushed all south crowding. Time of innovation. Spear thrower. Painting. When warm people spread and culture dropped. 162-3
 Caballo-sforza  much Europe DNS from Middle East 10,000 with agriculture.  16310 orig  most end of ice age 20% agric   All Europeans have all diff mix but all173
Genetic drift might just be luck. More offspring survived. 164

Farming Greece 9000   Crete Sicily 7000.  Central Germany 7000.  Northern Germany and France 6000 then halted , barrier. Hunters on other side begin to build monuments.  Still hg but now building. Break in worldview. Possible change in religion 170 ****