And How We Got Here – David Reich
Ancient DNA revolution DNA structure echos ancient population events. Human populations have repeatedly turned over.
Chapter 1. Northern Europe dna replaced by migration from Eastern European steppe after 5,000. Farming developed 10,000 in Middle East among numerous different populations. First farmers in Europe have very little hunter gather dna, less than modern Europeans. Sardina has high amount of farmer dna. Present populations a mix of past mixtures.
Chapter 3 Mitocondria Eve. X chrome studied migration but only one sections and not extend the far back.
23 from each 46. (47)1 gen – 118 splices 47+71 (2 people)2 gen – 189 splices 47+71+71 (4 people)3 gen – 260 splices (8 people)10 gen – 757 (1024) húnderds don’t contribute. Ancestral stretch of dna overtaken by doubling on a Ancestors
Chapter 4 – Each point of DNA has a point where we all come from same source. But that point differs in time for different sections. Black hole of common Mitocondrial 160,000Much of the rest 5 million to 1 millón
Chapter 9470-360,000 sharing with Neanderthal Neanderthal and Humans trader place as dominate im Middle East. Interbreeding happened doesn’t mean it survived. Most likely any DNA came from Middle East
21 – Keratin- hair and skin area of DNA from danisians and Neanderthal
22 – Adaptions from Eurasia- went back to Africa and mixed to create modern humans.
25 trestles. Not branching for humans. Still works tween species, as no going back. But human complex.
27. Pre 37,000 Europeans more Simon last to East Asian than today. No Neanderthal DNA. Very old split. Many migrations into Europe. 39,000 volcano leave layers of ash. Maybe years long winter. Neanderthal mostly gone. As many types of human.
2. Ornation tools. After 39,000. 3. Crevetian tools 33,000-22,000 statues, cave art, bury dead. Dna from Europe hunter gather. Split from 4. Magdalena culture. 19,000-14,000 chasing retreating ice sheet. Came from ornation tools. (Back and forth )5 14,000 warming alpine wall melted combing east and west Europe. HG spread across Europe. Related to near east. New people.
28. West Eurasia. Come from farming. 12-11,000 turkey eastern Syria. Animals and plants we still use. 9,000 in Greece.
10,000 very diff dna in Mid East. Knowledge and dna spread and mixed east and west. Went from high diff dna across Eurasia to low quickly. White skin cam from Mid East
Sardina farmers 8,000 replaced hg. Avoided 5,000 wipeout
31 wheel. Changed Steepe. No more villages. Only building big graves. Horses. War hammers and very male. Spread east and west 5,000. Corded ware culture also tied to Yamiya people. Pulmonary Black Plague. Found in yamiya people. Might be how they spread so fast. Plus their make warrior shit. Corded WareBell beaker. Open and inclusive. Did replace dna in some places left me England. But many other places spread culture only. Site in Bulgaria, spot with many diff dna sharing the culture .
David Anthony. Wagon axel wheel similar in all info European language. Probar less than 6,000 years old.
57. Africa Bantu 4,000 farmers from Nigeria and spread across west and Southern Africa. Most sub sharan Africans affected by this expansion. East Africa. Expansion later. Iranian expansions into Africa. Coi city language from south. 1800-900 years ago, herders. Match near eastern s
5,000 secondary production. Animals haves use beyond meat. Pull carts, dairy, wool. HorseTin, bronze, wheel. Greater mobility. Y chromosome says this great growth of inequality between genders and powerful males dominate. Sex biased and stratified. Burials. Single male in center. 2 types of y many x.
Variation West African sprinters. Most finalist recent west Africa. Could be some small increase and appears huge at extreme end. 99.999% end of sprinters. But could also be there is just more variability in west africa, more at both the fast and slow. Many not be that breed fast, just more variation West African 33% higher genetic variation than Europeans, enough to predict the results we see in the Olympics.
May average diff across population. Not change value. Each group always produce individuals of any capacity. Current method not work closer than 4,000 years. Currently use 4 population test which depends on large diversity. Now we are too close. Need larger sample size. Will have it soon